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Purvanchal

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Purvanchal
Purvanchal (or eastern Uttar Pradesh)
Purvanchal (or eastern Uttar Pradesh)
ContinentAsia
CountryIndia
LanguagesBhojpuri, Awadhi, Bagheli, and others
StateUttar Pradesh
LanguagesBhojpuri
Population
 (2023 estimate)
62.8 million

Purvanchal (lit. 'Eastern region') is the region of eastern Uttar Pradesh.[1] Bhojpuri, Awadhi, and Bagheli are spoken.[2] Gorakhpur and Varanasi are important cities in this region. The Lal Bahadur Shashtri International Airport in Varanasi is the largest international airport in this region.

Since the late 20th century, there has been a demand for a separate Purvanchal state, carved out of the state of Uttar Pradesh.

History

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Gupta Empire

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homeland

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Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities.

In some recent academic studies, the Guptas are traced to have originated from the Prayaga region, where they first established power. Goyal suggests that the Allahabad Pillar Inscription strongly indicates that the early Gupta center of power was in the modern eastern Uttar Pradesh, probably around Prayaga.[3]

The Vishnu Purana provides an intriguing reference: "Anu-Ganga Prayāgam Māgadha Guptās-cha bhokshyanti," which has been translated by Majumdar as "The territory along the Ganges (up to) Prayaga will be enjoyed by the people of Magadha and the Guptas." This excerpt suggests that the Guptas were distinguished from the people of Magadha, yet both jointly ruled the region along the Ganges up to Prayaga.[4]

Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges by William Simpson.

Historically, the Gupta Empire emerged from the unification of the Gupta and Licchavis states, which aligns with this Purana's reference. The text seems to imply that the Licchavis of Nepal were identified with the Magadhas, and their joint domain included Magadha and the territory stretching westward to Prayag.[5]

In this context, the capital of the Gupta empire likely started around Magadha and Prayag and expanded from there. The concentration of early Gupta inscriptions and gold coinages around Prayag (especially of Samudragupta's famous prasasti) tends to suggest that this region was the residence of greatest power of the Guptas. They probably controlled Sarnath in the east,[6] and as their stronghold, they used Prayag. For the initial phase of the empire, the exact boundaries in the region above and the west is vague, but they most definitely controlled eastern Uttar Pradesh. By the late third and early fourth centuries, this area had burgeoned into a dynasty aiming to build a great empire.[7]

Imperial capital

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Garuda emblem of the Gupta Empire.

Various scholarships considers Prayaga as the initial Gupta capital and supports this arguments with The Puranic references, and multiple early Gupta era inscriptions alongside the discovery of numerous coin hoards scattered around the region, further suggesting that the Guptas strengthened their sovereignty over the area prior to further expansion.[3]

This statement was also supported by R.S. Sharma who claimed that it is highly likely the Guptas based themselves in Uttar Pradesh because from there they could expand anywhere. With Prayag as their center, they extended their rule over Anuganga (mid-Gangetic basin), Prayag (modern Prayagraj), Saketa (modern Ayodhya), and Magadha.[4]

Prayaga Prasasti

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The Allahabad Pillar as seen by the missionary Joseph Tiefenthaler in the 18th century.

Samudragupta is thought to have come to the throne in the mid-4th century CE. His precise date of coronation is not known, however, evidence from both numismatics and epigraphy bear witness that he was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He was an excellent statesman, a gifted poet, and a musician. As noted in the Allahabad Pillar inscription, he was also a great conqueror who unified north and central India.[8]

In the same inscription, Sri Gupta and Ghatotkacha are given the title of Mahārāja while Chandragupta I and Samudragupta are referred to as Mahārājādhirāja, reflecting the increasing power and imperial glory of the dynasty.[9]

Demand for separate state

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People from the Bhojpuri region have demanded separate statehood for Purvanchal, with Varanasi or Gorakhpur as its capital[10] and Bhojpuri as the official language of Purvanchal state.

  • 1947: In 1947, a convention on Bhojpuri language and literature was held in Siwan, Bihar. The demand for a separate Bhojpuri state was first made by Rahul Sankrityayan.[11] Later, the issue of constitutional recognition of Bhojpuri came up when the constitution came into force. Rahul demanded for a separate Bhojpuri state by joining the Bhojpuri speaking regions of Bihar, United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) and Madhya Pradesh.[12]
  • 1968: The demand for a separate Bhojpuri state resurfaced in the late 1960s when the rightist organization of eastern India, Anand Marg took up the issue. The Anand Margis organized a conference at the largest cattle fair of Asia, Sonepur Mela in 1968 and raised the demand for a separate state for the Bhojpuri-speaking people.[13][citation needed]
  • 5 November 2006: Hundreds of Bhojpuri speaking people gathered in Bihar's Sasaram to demand creation of a separate Bhojpuri state for those who speak the language. Meeting under the aegis of the 21st All India Bhojpuri Sahitya Sammelan they demanded the creation of a separate state and protection of the interests of the people speaking Bhojpuri.[14]
  • 1 June 2008: A separate state can ensure the security of borders as well as overall development in which the region is lagging far behind in comparison to western and central Uttar Pradesh, said Yogi Adityanath (then a BJP Member of Parliament from Gorakhpur; he became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2017).[15]
  • 7 December 2013: People associated with the Bhojpuri Andolan held a two-day convention at Taraiya in Saran district under the banner of Saran Pramandal Bhojpuri Sahitya Sammelan and demanded a separate state for Bhojpuriyas consisting of the Bhojpuri-speaking districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.[16]
  • 2015: Thousands of people gathered at Shastri Ghat near Varuna river in Varanasi to demand the establishment of Purvanchal state with Varanasi as its capital. In this, Suhaldev Bharatiya Samaj Party's national president Om Prakash Rajbhar said that the central and state government should stop giving false assurances. The movement has started from the revolutionary land of Varanasi, now it is not going to stop. The wheel of development has completely stopped in Purvanchal since independence.[17]
  • 30 March 2017: BJP MP from Sasaram, Bihar, Chhedi Paswan evoked the demand of separate Purvanchal state to boost development in the Bhojpuri areas. He said that the formation of Purvanchal state is mandatory by joining the Bhojpuri speaking areas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and Varanasi as its capital.[18]
  • 16 May 2017: Members of Purvanchal Rajya Jan Andolan Sanstha staged a train stop demonstration in Banaras demanding the creation of a new Purvanchal state. The agitators kept shouting slogans in support of Purvanchal state while stopping the train.[19]
  • 8 July 2017: Union Minister Ramdas Athawale states his support for the division of the state for development of the region of the eastern Uttar Pradesh.[20]
  • 4 August 2018: Uttar Pradesh Minister Om Prakash Rajbhar demands separate statehood for Purvanchal, pushes for liquor ban.[21]
  • 11 March 2019: Rajkumar Ojha, convenor of the Purvanchal Rajya Gathan Morcha, started a three-day fast in the Collectorate premises of Jaunpur, demanding the creation of a separate Purvanchal state and formation of the State Reorganization Commission.[22]
  • 5 August 2021: Purvanchal Rajya Morcha officials raised the demand for separate Purvanchal state in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh.[23]
  • 18 December 2021: Twenty one thousand lamps were lit at Assi Ghat in Varanasi demanding a separate Purvanchal state.[24]
  • 26 June 2023: Under the banner of 'Purbiha Log Party', people have called for uniting the people and intensifying the demand for creating a separate Purvanchal state. Under this sequence, the first meeting of the District Working Committee of Purbiha Log Party was held in Padrauna of Kushinagar district, Uttar Pradesh.[25]
  • 16 September 2023: Members of Nagrik Vikas Party took out a strong procession for the formation of Purvanchal state in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh and handed over their 13-point demand letter to the SDM for the formation of a separate Purvanchal state.[26]

Culture

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Main article: Culture of Bhojpuri Region

It is predominantly Bhojpuri-speaking region, which have several regional dialects like: Sarwariya; spoken in Gorakhpur division, Azamgarhi; spoken around Azamgarh, Kashika spoken in Varanasi divison etc.[27][28][29][30] The only pure Bhojpuri (i.e., eastern Bhojpuri) speaking districts in Purvanchal are Kushinagar, Deoria, Ballia, Ghazipur and eastern half of Chandauli.[31] Though some part of the region like Mirzapur and Sonbhadra speaks Bagheli too.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Baviskar, Amita; Ray, Raka (29 November 2020). Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-08378-1.
  2. ^ Bercegol, Rémi de (29 September 2016). Small Towns and Decentralisation in India: Urban Local Bodies in the Making. Springer. ISBN 978-81-322-2764-9.
  3. ^ a b Goyal, S. R. The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar. p. 49.
  4. ^ a b Sharma, R.S. (25 January 2007), "Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire", India’s Ancient Past, Oxford University Press, p. 242, ISBN 978-0-19-568785-9, UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.
  5. ^ Goyal, S. R. The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar. pp. 51–52.
  6. ^ Goyal, S. R. The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar. pp. 53–54.
  7. ^ Goyal, S. R. The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar. p. 211.
  8. ^ Kumar, Sanjeev (18 July 2024). Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-80327-796-7.
  9. ^ Kumar, Sanjeev (18 July 2024). Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-80327-796-7.
  10. ^ "'Will Demand Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra', Says MoS Ramdas Athawale, Raises Demand For Separate Purvanchal and Vidarbha | 🗳️ LatestLY". LatestLY. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  11. ^ Shukla, Ramdeo (19 July 2021). Smarananjali (in Hindi). Sarv Bhasha Trust. ISBN 978-93-90502-04-2.
  12. ^ Śrī Nāgendra Prasāda Siṃha ke "Soca-vicāra" para bāta-vicāra (in Hindi). Loga Prakāśana. 1999.
  13. ^ Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2004.
  14. ^ "Bhojpuri-speaking people demand separate state". DNA India. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  15. ^ "Demand for separate states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand". Outlook. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  16. ^ "Demand to carve Bhojpuri state gains momentum". The Times of India. 11 December 2013. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  17. ^ "Demand for Purvanchal state".
  18. ^ "पूर्वांचल बने राज्य, वाराणसी हो राजधानी : छेदी पासवान". Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  19. ^ Vikrant (16 May 2017). "पूर्वांचल राज्य की मांग को लेकर काशी में आंदोलन, प्रदर्शनकारियो ने रोकी ट्रेन". hindi.oneindia.com (in Hindi). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  20. ^ Dikshit, Rajeev (8 July 2017). "Athawale demands separate statehood for Purvanchal, Vidarbha". The Times of India. Bennett Coleman & Company Limited. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  21. ^ "UP Minister OP Rajbhar demands separate statehood for Purvanchal, pushes for liquor ban". Times Now News. Bennett Coleman & Company Limited. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  22. ^ "अलग पूर्वांचल राज्य बनाने की मांग". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  23. ^ "पूर्वांचल राज्य मोर्चा के पदाधकारियों ने उठाई पृथक पूर्वांचल राज्य की मांग". संकल्प सवेरा || Sankalp Savera. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  24. ^ "Varanasi: अलग पूर्वांचल राज्य के लिए जलाए गए दीये से सुलग उठा अस्सी घाट, लपटें देख सहमे लोग". News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 18 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  25. ^ "यूपी से अलग होकर पूर्वांचल राज्य बनाने की मांग हुई तेज, 'पूरबिहा लोग पार्टी' का हुआ गठन". www.uptak.in (in Hindi). 26 June 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  26. ^ "Ballia News: चुनावी मौसम में उठने लगी पूर्वांचल राज्य के गठन की मांग | Demand for formation of Purvanchal state". Patrika News (in Hindi). 16 September 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  27. ^ "What will happen if UP is split?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  28. ^ Anthropological Linguistics. Anthropology Department, Indiana University. 1971.
  29. ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram. Sahitya Akademi. 1987. ISBN 978-0-8364-2283-2.
  30. ^ Singh, Rana P. B. (2004). Cultural Landscapes and the Lifeworld: Literary Images of Banaras : Based on the Writings of Kabir, Tulasi, Mirza Ghalib, Bhartendu Harishchandra, Rudra Kashikeya, Bhishma Sahni, Raja Rao, Shivprasad Singh, Abdul Bismillah, Kashinath Singh, Pankaj Mishra. Indica Books. ISBN 978-81-86569-45-0.
  31. ^ Team, YCT Expert. 2024-25 UPPCS General Studies-V and General Studies-VI. Youth Competition Times.
  32. ^ Pradesh (India), Uttar (1988). Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Mirzapur. Government of Uttar Pradesh.
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